Saturday 14 June 2014

BILL ADONGO:REVIEW




Bill Adongo, (25 January, 1983), is a Ghanaian cognitive and innovative thinker.  A 21-centrury   Ghanaian philosopher, Actuary, Scientist, Pure and Applied Mathematician, is one of the most influential modern thinkers. His ideas have enormous influence nearly all areas of mathematics, sciences, and social sciences. He made much accomplishment in mathematics, sciences and social sciences which were at one time considered as impossible because at that time those ideas were beyond the ability of man to understand or to foresee. Even though he had made numerous achievements in pure and Applied mathematics one of his greatest achievement is his MULTI-COMBINATIONAL LAW and some of his achievements in that field:(that is application of the MULTI-COMBINATIONAL LAW). Below is copy of his works posted.




MULTI-COMBINATIONAL LAW
THE SEQUENTIAL COMPARISON RULE:

The sequential comparison rule which I have developed is intended to treat many of the topics in mathematics needed by the modern engineer, physicist or applied mathematician.
Since engineer, physicist, or applied mathematician are Traditional gatherers for creating  mathematical models for practical consumption, they are being negative impacted, as they find it difficult to use reliable mathematical rules for creating models that can solve areas that are not yet explored.
The availability of the sequential comparison rule will truly help scientist, economist, engineer, physicist, or applied mathematician to explore areas that are not yet possible.  


ADONGO SEQUENTIAL COMPARISON RULE
Let the sequential formula pairs
Xo*x1*........*xr-1  = ao
X1* x2*...........xr = a1
X2* x3* ............* xr+1  = a2
X3 * x4* ............* xr+2 = a3
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . .

be given; there exist unique sequential values xo, x1, x2, ------, which are in comparison with xr, xr+1, xr+2, -------, respectively and are given as;

Xo  = x[ ao/a1]

X =  xr+1  [a1/a2]

X = xr+2  [a2/a3]
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

For each i=1, 2, 3, 4, - -, r


EXAMPLE
A eureka can is filled with water and stones, one, two, three, and  four lowered into it each until each of the stones is fully immersed. The displace water of each stone is collected and the volume of each stone is measured.
The stones one, two, three, and four are dried and each of them is weighed’ to find the mass of each. The density of stones one, two, three, and four, are 100kg/m3, 920kg/m3 and 240kg/m110kg/m3respectively.

(a) If the density of stone one is 136kg/m3, find the density of stone four. 


SOLUTION
Let x1 represent stone one
       X2 represent stone two
       X3 represent stone three
       X4 represent stone four

Applying Adongo sequential comparison rule, we have
X1 x2 x3  = 100*920*240 = 22,080,000
X2 x3 x4  = 920*240*110 = 24,288,000

This implies that
X1 = x4 [x1 x2 x3/x2 x3 x4]
But if  x1 =136kg/m3
Then , 136 = x4 [22,080,000/24,288,000]
          136 = x4 [0.909]
          X4 = 149.6kg/m3






MULTI-COMBINATIONAL ALGEBRA:
The concept of mathematics as part of our economical development is degraded at an accelerating rate as due to lack of competent and reliable theorems, rules and models to carry out scientific and mathematical investigation in areas that are not yet explored.

With the systematical promotion of mathematical science in Ghana; economical,
Insurance and Banking industries over the last decade from now demand on mathematical
Theorems and models supply have been diminished that economist, banker, actuary,
Applied mathematician, and engineer still used theorems, rules and models that do not meet the current situations that we are confronting today.

The multi-combinational algebra is the major finding of this manuscript and can be used to create models in economics, actuarial science, engineering science etc.


ADONGO’S RULE OF INFINITE SOLUTIONS

If xo* x1*x2*x3*-------* xr-1 and x1* x2 * x3* x4* ------ xr are corresponding pairs of line equation and z is a real number (z ≠ 0), If:

xo* x1* x2* x3*-----------* xr-1 = ao
 X1* x2* x3* x4 ------------* xr  = a1   }.............(1)

 X1* x2* x3* ----------- xr-1 = ao/xo
 X2*x3* x4*---------------- *xr= a1/x}.........(2)

 X2*x3* ------------------ *x= a1/xox1   
 X3*x4* ------------------------ *x= ar/x1x2   }.............(3)
 ………………………………………

Then there exist corresponding infinite solution of xo, x1, x2, x3, --------, xr-1 which are in relative comparison to  xr, xr+1, xr+2, xr+3, --------, xr+k respectively and are given as;

x= (zaor a/z or z/ao)             
x= (zaor a1/z or z/a1)   }................(1)
                      
x= (z(ao/xo) or (ao/xo) /z or z/(ao/xo)
xr+1 = (z(a1/x1) or (a1/x1) /z or z/(a1/xo)   }...........(2)            
……………………………………………          

For each, i = 1,2,3, ------- , r,  l = 1,2,3, ----, k ,



EXAMPLE
Find the possible solution of the multi-combinational equation below: if  xx1x2 x3x4 x= 5
[Take z = 2]

SOLUTION
The corresponding pairs of the multiple variables are;

Xox1x2x3x4x= 5

X1x2x3x4x5x=-3

Applying Adongo’s rule of infinite solutions in equation (1) and (2), we have

X= 2*5 = 10

X6 = 2*-3 = -6

Making  xx2 x3 x4 x5 and x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 the subject, we have

X1x2x3x4x= 5/x------- (3)

X2x3x4x5x= -3/x------ (4)

Applying Adongo’s rule of infinite solution in equation (3) and (4), we have                              

x1 = 1

Making  x2x3x4xand x3x4x5x in equation (3) and (4),the subject we have                                           

 x2x3x4x= 1/2x-----(5)

x3x4x5x6 = 3/ x2 ------(6)

Applying Adongo’s rule of infinite solution in equation (5) and (6), we have                               

x= 1

Making x3x4x and x4x5x6  in equation (5) and (6), we have

X3x4x5 = 1/2x2 ---- (7)

X4x5x= 3/x3 ------(8)

Applying Adongo’s rule of infinite solution in equation (7) and (8), we have

X= 1

Making x4xand x5x in equation (7) and (8), we have

X4x5 = 1/2x3

X5x= 3/x4

Applying Adongo’s rule of infinite solution, we have,

X= 1

X5 = ½

Hence, the possible solutions of  xo, x1, x2, x3, x4, x5 and x6 are 10,1,1,1,1,1/2, and -6 respectively



ADONGO’S RULE OF DETERMINANT

TWO SYSTEM EQUATIONS:
If A is an invertible 2*r matrix, the solution to the system

a1(xo*x1* -----xr-1) + b1 (x1*x2* -----*xr) = k1

a2 (xo* x1*........*xr-1) + b(x1* x2* ------*xr) = k2      

Of 2 equations in the variable xo which is in relative comparison to the variable xrand are given
as;

Xo = xr* [det A1/det A2]

Where;

det A= k1b - k2b1
                       
               
det A= k2a– k1a2

                              
For each = 1,2,3, ------, r


EXAMPLE
 If the initial value xof multi-combinational equations below is xo =2/3; find the final value
X10.

2(xox1x2x3x4x5x6x7x8x9) + 3(x1x2x3x4x5x6x7x8x8x9x10) = 1 ------(1)

3( xox1x2x3x4x5x6x7x8x9) + 3(x1x2x3x4x5x6x7x8x9x10) = 6 --------(2)

SOLUTION

det A= -15                        

det A2 = 9
                   
But x= x10* [det A1/detA2]

This implies that

½ = x10* [-15/9]

X10 = -2/5

Hence, x10 is -2/5 if xo is 2/3.


THREE SYSTEM EQUATIONS
 If A is an invertible 3*r matrix, the solution to the system
A2(xo*x1* ------*xr-1) + b1(x1*x2* ----*xr) + c1(x2*x3* ----*xr+1) = k1
A2(xox1 * -----*xr-1) + b(x1*x2* -----*xr) + c2(x2*x3*----*xr+1 ) = k2
A3(xo*x1* -----*xr-1)+ b(x1*x2* -----*xr) + c3(x2*x3* ----*xr+1) = k
Of 3 equation in the variables xo, x1, which are in relative comparison to the variables
Xr, xr+1 respectively and are given as

X= xr* [detA1/ detA2]
X1=xr+1[detA2/detA3]                                                                                                                                             

Where;
det A1 =   k1[c3b2 – c2b3] – b1[c3k2 –c2k3]+c1[b3k2-b2k3]          
 det A2 =     a1[c3k2-c2k3] – k1[c3a2-c2a3]+c1[k3a– k2a3]
 det A3 =   a1[k3b2 – k2b3] – b1[k3a– k2a3] + k1[b3a– b2a3]

For each i = 1,2,3, ------, r


EXAMPLE
If the initial values xo, x1, of the multi-combinational equations below are 1/2, 1 respectively,
Find the final values x6,  x7.
5xox1x2x3x4x5  +  x1x2x3x4x5x6   -  x2x3x4x5x6x7   = 4 ---(1)
9xox1x2x3x4x+ x1x2x3x4x5x6 – x2x3x4x5x6x= 1----(2)
Xox1x2x3x4x5 – x1x2x3x4x5x+ 5x2x3x4x5x6x= 2 ----(3)

SOLUTION
Det A1 = 12
 detA2  = -166
                                                      
detA = -42               


But 1/2 = x2* [12/-166]

X= 83/12

And

1 = x7*[-166/-42]

X7 = 21/83

Hence, x6 ,x7 are 83/12, 21/83 respectively if xo, xare 1/2 , 1 respectively.




THE MULTI-COMBINATIONAL THEORY AS A PREDICTIVE MODEL IN CHEMISTRY
 My multi-combinational theory (mathematics) has useful effects on chemistry. One of the areas to be considered now is the Atomic structure. The multiple combinations of copper, chlorine and oxygen is the multiple combinations of their masses, relative atomic masses and percentage abundances. The relative percentage abundance or decimal fractions of the combine elements should sum up to 100(r+1) where r+1 is denoted as number of combined elements. The combined element x1x2**xi*….*xr has the combined isotopes A and B. The combined relative atomic masses ofx1x2*….*xi**xr is;


x1x2*….*xi**xr  of Ar=[A*%(1) +B*%(2)]100(R+1), where


A= combined masses of isotope A
B=combined masses of isotope B
1=combined relative abundances of A
2=combined relative abundances of B


Given the respective combined percentage abundances be x1x2*….*xi**xr and x2x3*..*xi*…*xr. This implies that;


x1x2*….*xi**xr+ x2x3*..*xi*…*xr=100(r+1)




EXAMPLE
Copper, chlorine, and oxygen have the four isotopes 63cu and 65cu for copper; 35cland 37cl for chlorine. The relative atomic masses of the naturally occurring copper and chlorine are 63.55 and 35.0 respectively.
What will be the relative percentage abundance of 37cl if the relative percentage abundance of 63cu is 72.5%




SOLUTION

Let, 63cu65cu35cl=x1x2x3 and 65cu35cl37cl= x2x3x4

x1x2x+  x2x3x4=100(4)

combined-Ar = [(63cu65cu35cl* x1x2x3)+( 65cu35cl37cl* x2x3x4)]/400

63.5*35 = [(63*65*35 x1x2x3)+(65*35*37* x2x3x4)]/400

2224.22 = [143325x1x2x3+ 84175(400- x1x2x3)]/400

x1x2x= 554.1896

x2x3x= 400-554.1896=154.1896.

Applying the sequential comparison rule, we have;

x4=x1[x2x3x4/x1x2x3]

x4=72.5[154.189/554.1896]

x4=20.17%.
Hence, the isotope 37cl  is 20.17% if the percentage abundance of isotope 63cu is 72,5%.

NOTE: All negations are nullified. 






INTRODUCTION TO MULTI-COMBINATIONAL CALCULUS
One of the most useful concepts which I am developing is called relative comparison derivative. The concept is to help physicist, economist, scientist and engineer to compare different rate of changes of quantitative information as a fitted models for predictive purpose.


POWER RULE OF RELATIVE DERIVATIVE
For the multi-combinational derivative functions f′ (xo * x1 *---- * xr-1) and
 f′ (x1*x2*-----* xr), there exist unique initial derivative f′ (xo) ,which is in relative comparison of the final derivative f ′(xr) and is given as;
      f′(xo) = f′ (xr) [f′ (xo*x1---*xr-1)/ f′(x1*x2*------*xr)]


EXAMPLE
The gross domestic product (GDP) of Ghana, Nigeria, USA, and Indian was

N′ (to t1 t2) = to2 t12 t22  + 106 billion dollars after 2007
N′(t1 t2 t3) = t21 t22 t23 + 106 billion dollars after 2007


(a)    At what rate was the GDP changing with respect to the multiple time to t1 t2 and t1 t2 t3.
[take to t1 t2 = 8 and t1 t2 t3 = 6

(b)   If the gross domestic product of Ghana is N (to) = t2o - 5 to + 10 and change respectively to time to and if the gross domestic product occurs at time to, t1, t2 and t3 for Ghana, Nigeria, USA and Indian respectively; Find the rate of change of GDP in  Indian.
(Take to = 3)



SOLUTION

(a)    N′ ( to t1 t2 ) = 8 ( to t1 t2 )
  N′ (t1 t2 t3) = 8 (t1 t2 t3)

(b)   Applying power rule of relative comparison we have

N′(to) = N′(t3) [N′ (to t1 t2 )/N′ (t1 t2 t3 )]
But N (to) = 2 to -5
     N′(to) = 2(3) – 5
                = 1

1 = N′ (t3) [(8(8))/8(6)]
1 = N′ (t3) (1.33)
N′(t3) =  1/1.33 = 0.75 per month after 2007

        








APPLICATION: RELATIVE COMPARISON INTEGRATION

The multi-combinational mathematics (or theory) has great influenced in almost all areas of sciences. One of its influence area is calculus ( named as “multi-combinational calculus”). Themulti-combinational calculus is divided into two main parts. That is relative comparison derivation and relative comparison integration.

The relative comparison integration is a technique I developed for of comparing the initial sequential functions of different variables from their final sequential functions.



APPLYING THE CONCEPT
The speed v0m/sv1m/sv2m/sv3m/s, and v4m/s of bodies 0123, and 4 in straight line from a point 0 in the times:  t0seconds, t1seconds, t2secondst3seconds, and t4seconds respectively is given by the fitted multi-combinational velocity equations,


v0v1v2=24t0t1t2-3t0t1t……(1)

v1v2v3=6t1t2t3+4t1t2t……..(2)

v2v3v4=10t2t3t4+8t2t3t......(3).

Calculate the distance s3 and sfrom 0 at the end of time t0=3s, t1=2s, t2=4s, t3=1s and t4=6s of the bodies 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 if the initial distance of body and body 1 is s0=108 and s1=144 respectively.



SOLUTION
s0s1s2=∫(v0v1v2)d(t0t1t2)=3(t0t1t2)2-0.375(t0t1t2)2+k1...............(4)

s1s2s3= ∫(v1v2v3)d(t1t2t3)=0.75(t1t2t3)2+0.5(t1t2t3)2+k2….......(5)

s2s3s4= ∫(v2v3v4)d(t2t3t4)=1.25(t2t3t4)2+(t2t3t4)2+k3…………(6)

At the point 0 I.e  the starting point t0=0t1=0, t2=0, t3=0, t4=0 and s0=0, s1=0, s2=0, s3=0, s4=0.Therefore substituting expression t0=0, t1=0, t2=0, t3=0, t4=0 and s0=0, s1=0, s2=0, s3=0, s4=0into equation(4), (5),and (6) we have k1=0k2=0, k3=0.
Applying the methods of relative comparison, we have,


s0=[∫(v0v1v2)d(t0t1t2) /∫(v1v2v3)d(t1t2t3)]

s1=s4[∫(v1v2v3)d(t1t2t3)/∫(v2v3v4)d(t2t3t4)]

This implies that;

108=s3[1512/80]

S3=5.71m.
 and;

144=[80/1296]

S4=2332.8m.

Hence the distances of the bodies 3 and 4 are 5.71 and 2332.8 respectively.




REFERENCE
D T Whiteside(ed). The Mathematical Papers of Isaac Newton(Volume1). (Cambridge University Press, 1967)






MILTI–COMBINAATIONAL TRIGONDMETRY
The goal of the research is to examine the effect of multi-combinational theory in trigonometry.
The study found that new rules, formulae, theorems and methods can be created with the influence of the multi-combinational theory (I.e. sequential comparison rule) and prove very effectively.
Looking at the selected topic discussed below, this research of the multi-combinational paradigm of trigonometry is examined:
(1)   Can new mathematical rules, formulae and methods created in trigonometry in the name of the multi-combinational theory?
(2)   Is the availability of the multi-combinational theory consumption affected positively in trigonometry?


DEFINITION OF THE MULTI-COMBINATIONAL THEORY
Multi-Combinational theory is the study of different kinds of mathematical information which are related in multiples order of sequences and used mainly for comparison and predictive purposes.
The background of this theory is mainly depends on the “sequential comparison rule” which has main influences in all areas of trigonometry.


RATIO DEFINITION
Let Ó©1* Ó©2*.......* Ó©i be a multiple angles of i’s-right-angles triangles in standard positions with any multiple point P[x0*x1*---*xr-1,   x1*x2*--*xr] on the multiple terminal side, a multiple distance x2*x3*---xr+1from the origin x2*x3*---*xr+1≠ 0.
The relations of the multi-combinational functions are defined as followed.
X= x0* [sin (Ó©1* Ó©2*.......* Ó©i) / cos(Ó©1* Ó©2*------ Ó©i)]
X= x0* [sec(Ó©1* Ó©2*.... * Ó©i) / csc(Ó©1* Ó©2*......Ó©i)]
For each i= 1,2,3,----, r



EXAMPLE
In the three right-angle triangles ABC, BCD, and CDE which are in linear mapping (Reference Tittle: “Maker of modern mathematics”) have sides AB = x0, BC = xand CA = x2 for right angle triangle ABC: BC = x1 CD = x2, DB = x3 for right-angle triangle BCD: CD = x2, DE = x3, EC = x4 for right angle triangle CDE.
If angles ABC, BCD, and CDE are 90each and angle CAB =600; angle DBC =400, and angle ECD = 500.
(i)  Find the length EC of right angle triangle CDE if the length AB of right angle triangle ABC is 5m.


SOLUTION
   Ó©1* Ó©2* Ó©3 = 600400* 500 = 120,0000
X0 = 5m
Therefore
X4 = 5[sin(120,0000) / cos(120,0000)]
X= -8.66
But since distance don’t measure in negative sign, we neglect the






MULTI- COMBINATIONAL SYSTEM ALGEBRAL AS A FITTED MODEL IN ECONOMY:
The economy system of one society consists of several industries in which each industry depends on its own and others to produce its own products. Empirically, the interdependent relationship between one industry and others varies from time to time and the time period each industry depends on others industries to produce its own products varies from industry to industry. Because of this, it is difficult for an economist to determine the gross production of each industry: unless the gross production of one industry is given that the gross production of others industries can be determined at a specified future time. This can be done by applying the concept of the multi- combinational system algebra to construct an input- output economical models based on past period production and interdependent relationship to forecast future gross production of each of the industry.




MULTI-COMBINATIONAL INPUT- OUTPUT MATRIX
 Consider a simple open economy as being based on agricultural products, manufactured goods and fuels is given as:



OUTPUTS
INPUTS
Agricultural products
Manufactured goods
Fuels
Agric
a11
a12
a13
Manufactured
a21
a22
a23
Fuels
a31
a32
a33


If we know the surpluses or final demands of agricultural products to beD1, manufactured goods to be D2 and fuels to be D3: then the multi-combinational input- output matrix of above open economy is given as:



A
M
F
Surpluses
A
M
F
a11
a21
a31
a12
a22
a32
a13
a23
a33
D1
D2
D3
AM
MF
a11a12a21a22
a21a22a31a32
a12a13a22a23
a22a23a32a33
D1D2
D2D3
AM
MF

Where the gross production matrix is
X =
(X1X2,   X2X3)




All is represented as; X- AX= D or (I – A)X =D, where I is identity matrix.



OPEN ECONOMY
 The economy of Ghana is based on agricultural industry, mining industry and oil industry. An output of 1ton of agricultural products requires an input of 0.1ton of agricultural products, 0.02 ton of minerals, and 0.05 ton of oil. An output of 1 ton minerals requires an input of 0.01 ton of agricultural products, 0.13 ton of minerals and 0.18 ton oil. An output of 1 ton of oil requires an input of 0.01 ton of agricultural products, 0.2 ton of minerals and 0.05 ton of oil. The multi-combinational input-output matrix of the above open economy 
 which have surpluses of 40 units of agric, 35 units of mineral and 25 units of oil.



Agricultural(A)
Manufactured(M)
Oil(O)
Surpluses(D)
A              
M
O
0.1
0.02
0.05
0.01
0.13
0.18
0.01
0.20
0.05
40
35
25
AM
MO
0.1*0.01*0.02*0.13
0.02*0.13*0.05*0.18
0.01*0.01*0.13*0.2
0.13*0.2*0.18*0.05
40*35
35*25
AM
MO

Find the gross production of oil industry if the gross production of agricultural product is 80
                                 


SOLUTION
 A =
0.0000026            
0.00000234           
0.00000026
0.000234

X = (I-A) -1 D,
                                                                
X1x2= 1399.97

X2x3= 875.03

X3= 80[875.03/1399.97]= 50.

Hence, the gross production of x3 is 50, if the gross production of x1 is 80.
NOTE: The value of x2 is non-dependent variable and has no effect in the computation.




CLOSED ECONOMY
 In this model no external demands are needed:  inputs and outputs are used within the system, then such a model is called closed economical models. In such a model labor is needed so, there is no surplus and D=0.





 REFERENCE
Dietzenbacher, Eric and Michael L. Labr, eds. Wassilly Leontief and Input-Output Economics. Cambridge University Press, 2004. 




ADONGO’S-RYBCZYNSKI’S THEOREM
The relative change of the industries x0, x1,x2,……,xj-1,…,xr-1 depend the effect on outputs of change in the lands H1,H2,…., H0,Hj-1,…,Hr and labors, L0,L1,L2,….,Lj-1,….,Lr -1 endowments.
This theorem states that if the endowments of some resources increase, the industries use the resources most intensively will relatively increase their outputs while the others industries will relatively decrease their outputs. The relative factor intensity of each industry is measured by the ratio of factors use in each industry in comparison to others industries 0,1,2,...., and 1,2,3,..., are higher are relatively initial-orders labors-lands-intensively and final-orders labors-lands-intensively respectively.
Algebraically, the Adongo’s-Rybczynski’s theorem is derived from the simple solution of multi-combinational system equations. In the example above, the solution of the model are composed by the lands and labors constraints in their relative order of sequences.

(a0*a1*….aj-1*…ar-1)1*(x0*x1**Xj-1*….*xr-1)+(a1*a2*…aj*…ar)1*(x1*x2*….xj*….*xr)=H ...1
(a0*a1*….aj-1*…ar-1)2*(x0*x1**Xj-1*….xr-1)+ (a1*a2**aj*…ar)2(x1*x2*….xj*….xr)=H.....2           

Applying Adongo’s rule of determinants, we have

X0=xr[detA1/detA2]

Where;

H=H1*H2**Hj*….*Hr+H0*H1*….*Hj-1*….Hr-1

L=L1*L2**Lj*….*Lr+L0*L1**Lj-1*….*Lr-1

DetA1=H(a1*a2*..aj*…ar)2-L(a1*a2**aj**ar)1

DetA2=L(a0*a1*….*aj-1*….*ar-1)1-H(a0*a1**aj-1*…ar-1



REFERENCE 
Rybczynski, T.M(1955). "Factor Endownent and Relative Commodity Prices"